Andrew Lobaczewski - Political Ponerology: A Science on the Nature of Evil Adjusted for Political Purposes Страница 16

This decreasing tendency in a society’s capacity for proper

thought should be counteracted, since it also lowers its immu-

nity to ponerogenic processes. An effective measure would be

teaching both proper thought and skillful detection of errors in

thought. The front of such education should be expanded, in-

cluding psychology, psychopathology, and the science de-

scribed herein, for the purpose of raising people who can easily

detect any paralogism.

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Spellbinders

In order to comprehend ponerogenic pathways of contagion,

especially those acting in a wider social context, let us observe

the roles and personalities of individuals we shall call “spell-

binders”, who are highly active in this area in spite of their

statistically negligible number.

Spellbinders are generally the carriers of various pathologi-

cal factors, some characteropathies, and some inherited anoma-

lies. Individuals with malformations of their personalities fre-

quently play similar roles, although the social scale of influ-

ence remains small (family or neighborhood) and does not

cross certain boundaries of decency.

Spellbinders are characterized by pathological egotism.

Such a person is forced by some internal causes to make an

early choice between two possibilities: the first is forcing other

people to think and experience things in a manner similar to his

own; the second is a feeling of being lonely and different, a

pathological misfit in social life. Sometimes the choice is either

snake-charming or suicide.

Triumphant repression of self-critical or unpleasant con-

cepts from the field of consciousness gradually gives rise to the

phenomena of conversion thinking, or paralogistics, paramoral-

isms, and the use of reversion blockades. They stream so pro-

fusely from the mind and mouth of the spellbinder that they

flood the average person’s mind. Everything becomes subordi-

nated to the spellbinder’s over-compensatory conviction that

they are exceptional, sometimes even messianic. An ideology

emerges from this conviction, true in part, whose value is sup-

posedly superior. However, if we analyze the exact functions of

such an ideology in the spellbinder’s personality, we perceive

that it is a nothing other than a means of self-charming, useful

for repressing those tormenting self-critical associations into

the subconscious. The ideology’s instrumental role in influenc-

ing other people also serves the spellbinder’s needs.

The spellbinder believes that he will always find converts to

his ideology, and most often, they are right. However, they feel

shock (or even paramoral indignation) when it turns out that

their influence extends to only a limited minority, while most

people’s attitude to their activities remains critical, pained and

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disturbed. The spellbinder is thus confronted with a choice:

either withdraw back into his void or strengthen his position by

improving the effectiveness of his activities.

The spellbinder places on a high moral plane anyone who

has succumbed to his influence and incorporated the experien-

tial method he imposes. He showers such people with attention

and property, if possible. Critics are met with “moral” outrage.

It can even be proclaimed that the compliant minority is in fact

the moral majority, since it professes the best ideology and

honors a leader whose qualities are above average.

Such activity is always necessarily characterized by the in-

ability to foresee its final results, something obvious from the

psychological point of view because its substratum contains

pathological phenomena, and both spellbinding and self-

charming make it impossible to perceive reality accurately

enough to foresee results logically. However, spellbinders nur-

ture great optimism and harbor visions of future triumphs simi-

lar to those they enjoyed over their own crippled souls. It is

also possible for optimism to be a pathological symptom.

In a healthy society, the activities of spellbinders meet with

criticism effective enough to stifle them quickly. However,

when they are preceded by conditions operating destructively

upon common sense and social order; such as social injustice,

cultural backwardness, or intellectually limited rulers some-

times manifesting pathological traits, spellbinders’ activities

have led entire societies into large-scale human tragedy.

Such an individual fishes an environment or society for

people amenable to his influence, deepening their psychologi-

cal weaknesses until they finally join together in a ponerogenic

union. On the other hand, people who have maintained their

healthy critical faculties intact, based upon their own common

sense and moral criteria, attempt to counteract the spellbinders’

activities and their results. In the resulting polarization of so-

cial attitudes, each side justifies itself by means of moral cate-

gories. That is why such commonsense resistance is always

accompanied by some feeling of helplessness and deficiency of

criteria.

The awareness that a spellbinder is always a pathological

individual should protect us from the known results of a moral-

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157

izing interpretation of pathological phenomena, ensuring us an

objective criteria for more effective action. Explaining what

kind of pathological substratum is hidden behind a given in-

stance of spellbinding activities should enable a modern solu-

tion to such situations.

It is a characteristic phenomenon that a high IQ generally

helps a person to be more immune to spellbinding activities

only to a moderate degree. Actual differences in the formation

of human attitudes to the influence of such activities should be

attributed to other properties of human nature. The most deci-

sive factor in assuming a critical attitude is good basic intelli-

gence, which conditions our perception of psychological real-

ity. We can also observe how a spellbinder’s activities “husk

out” amenable individuals with an astonishing regularity.

We shall later return to the specific relations that occur

among the spellbinder’s personality, the ideology he expounds,

and the choices made by those who easily succumb. More ex-

haustive clarification thereof would require separate study

within the framework of general ponerology, a work intended

for specialists, in order to explain some of those interesting

phenomena which are still not properly understood today.

Ponerogenic Associations

We shall give the name “ponerogenic association” to any

group of people characterized by ponerogenic processes of

above-average social intensity, wherein the carriers of various

pathological factors function as inspirers, spellbinders, and

leaders, and where a proper pathological social structure gener-

ates. Smaller, less permanent associations may be called

“groups” or “unions”.

Such an association gives birth to evil which hurts other

people as well as its own members. We could list various

names ascribed to such organizations by linguistic tradition:

gangs, criminal mobs, mafias, cliques, and coteries, which

cunningly avoid collision with the law while seeking to gain

their own advantage. Such unions frequently aspire to political

power in order to impose their expedient legislation upon so-

cieties in the name of a suitably prepared ideology, deriving

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advantages in the form of disproportionate prosperity and the

satisfaction of their craving for power.

A description and classification of such associations with a

view of their numbers, goals, officially promulgated ideologies,

and internal organizations would of course be scientifically

valuable. Such a description, effected by a perceptive observer,

could help a ponerologist determine some of the properties of

such unions, which cannot be determined by means of natural

conceptual language.

A description of this kind, however, ought not to cloak the

more factual phenomena and psychological dependencies oper-

ating within these unions. Failure to heed this warning can

easily cause such a sociological description to indicate proper-

ties which are of secondary importance, or even made “for

show” to impress the uninitiated, thereby overshadowing the

actual phenomena which decide the quality, role, and fate of

the union. Particularly if such a description is colorful litera-

ture, it can furnish merely illusory or ersatz knowledge, thus

rendering a naturalistic perception and causative comprehen-

sion of phenomena more difficult.

One phenomenon all ponerogenic groups and associations

have in common is the fact that their members lose (or have

already lost) the capacity to perceive pathological individuals

as such, interpreting their behavior in a fascinated, heroic, or

melodramatic ways. The opinions, ideas, and judgments of

people carrying various psychological deficits are endowed

with an importance at least equal to that of outstanding indi-

viduals among normal people.

The atrophy of natural critical faculties with respect to

pathological individuals becomes an opening to their activities,

and, at the same time, a criterion for recognizing the associa-

tion in concern as ponerogenic. Let us call this the first crite-

rion of ponerogenesis.

Another phenomenon all ponerogenic associations have in

common is their statistically high concentration of individuals

with various psychological anomalies. Their qualitative com-

position is crucially important in the formation of the entire

union’s character, activities, development, or extinction.

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159

Groups dominated by various kinds of characteropathic in-

dividuals will develop relatively primitive activities, proving

rather easy for a society of normal people to break. However,

things are quite different when such unions are inspired by

psychopathic individuals. Let us adduce the following example

illustrating the roles of two different anomalies, selected from

among actual events studied by the author.

In felonious youth gangs, a specific role is played by boys

(and occasionally girls) that carry a characteristic deficit that is

sometimes left behind by an inflammation of the parotid glands

(the mumps). This disease entails brain reactions in some cases,

leaving behind a discreet but permanent bleaching of feelings

and a slight decrease in general mental skills. Similar results

are sometimes left behind after diphtheria. As a result, such

people easily succumb to the suggestions and manipulations of

a more clever individuals.

When drawn into a felonious group, these constitutionally

weakened individuals become faint-critical helpers and execu-

tors of the leader’s intentions, tools in the hands of more

treacherous, usually psychopathic, leaders. Once arrested, they

submit to their leaders’ insinuated explanations that the higher

(paramoral) group ideal demands that they become scapegoats,

taking the majority of blame upon themselves. In court, the

same leaders who initiated the delinquencies mercilessly dump

all the blame onto their less crafty colleagues. Sometimes a

judge actually accepts the insinuations.

Individuals with the above-mentioned post-mumps and

post-diphtheria traits constitute less than 1.0 % of the popula-

tion as a whole, but their share reaches 1/4 of juvenile delin-

quent groups. This represents an inspissation75 of the order of

30-fold, requiring no further methods of statistical analysis.

When studying the contents of ponerogenic unions skillfully

enough, we often meet with an inspissation of other psycho-

logical anomalies which also speak for themselves.

~~~

Two basic types of the above-mentioned unions should be

differentiated: Primary ponerogenic and secondary ponero-

75 To thicken by either evaporation or absorption of fluid. Diminished fluid-

ity, increased thickness. A concentration. [Editor’s note.]

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genic. Let us describe as primarily ponerogenic a union whose

abnormal members were active from the very beginning, play-

ing the role of crystallizing catalysts as early as the process of

creation of the group occurred. We shall call secondarily

ponerogenic a union which was founded in the name of some

idea with an independent social meaning, generally

comprehensible within the categories of the natural world view,

but which later succumbed to a certain moral degeneration.

This in turn opened the door to infection and activation of the

pathological factors within, and later to a ponerization of the

group as a whole, or often of its fraction.

From the very outset, a primarily ponerogenic union is a

foreign body within the organism of society, its character col-

liding with the moral values held or respected by the majority.

The activities of such groups provoke opposition and disgust

and are considered immoral; as a rule, therefore, such groups

do not spread large, nor do they metastasize into numerous